Stratum.black Open reference
2050–1650 BCE

Period · Egypt & Nile Valley

Middle Kingdom

2050–1650 BCE

The Middle Kingdom, Dynasties 11 to 13, reunified Egypt from Thebes and is known for literature, block statues, fine jewellery and the first scarabs and ushabtis. Wooden tomb models of boats and workshops are typical grave goods. It ends with the Hyksos period.

Dates2050–1650 BCE
RegionEgypt & Nile Valley
PeriodO definition2040–1782 BCE — The Levantine Ceramics Project (2012)· PeriodO — Periods, Organized

Cultures

Typical types

Elsewhere

Cite this article

Stratum Strata. "Middle Kingdom" (Period). Stratum Strata pack 2026.09, as of 2026-09-21. https://stratum.black/strata/periods/middle-kingdom. Accessed 2026-09-21.

BibTeX · CSL-JSON

@misc{stratum-middle-kingdom,
  title        = {Middle Kingdom},
  author       = {{Stratum Strata}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://stratum.black/strata/periods/middle-kingdom}},
  year         = {2026},
  note         = {Period article, Stratum Strata pack 2026.09, as of 2026-09-21; sources: stratum, periodo, wikidata. Accessed 2026-09-21.}
}

Citations carry the pack version and the article's as-of date so they resolve to the same text later. The facts themselves belong to the sources listed below; cite those for the science.

Sources for this article: Stratum editorial (Stratum editorial);PeriodO — Periods, Organized (CC0);Wikidata (CC0). As of 2026-09-21; Strata pack 2026.09. Data reproduced under the licences shown; text in Stratum's own words unless a section names its source.

Found an error? Write to drew@tyr.ac with the article id period:middle-kingdom.

Stratum is the inventory, provenance and certificate system for fossil, mineral and shell collections. Strata is its open reference: every fact cites its source, and the credits page lists each one with its licence.

CreditsVerifySitemap